BIOL - Biology

The 1-credit course is designed to provide science students with time-management and study skills as they make the transition to the college level learning environment. Properly implemented, the methods will provide freshmen with the opportunity to succeed and potentially excel in college science courses. Many of the skills will likely be applicable to other courses. The strategies introduced include: time-management, daily and weekly study plans, methods of reading text, how to effectively study for a test, and test taking strategies. Students will also be introduced to some to the basic concepts in biology.

The course will provide an introduction to biology as the cellular level with an emphasis on human biology. Students will learn the molecular basis of vaccines and pharmaceutical drugs. To understand vaccines and drugs, students will first learn basic principles of cell biology, biochemistry, genetics, microbiology, and immunology. The course will also incorporate discussions on ethical issues relating to medicine.

Overview of biological aspects of human nature. Survey of basic human physiology, reproduction, and development. Introduction to genetics and the record of human evolution provides starting point for discussion of adaptive significance of human intelligence and social organization.

Introductory course for non-science majors only. Intended to develop an understanding of the operation of biological systems and an acquaintance with basic biological concepts and principles.

Study of basic relationships between the environment and humans. Discussion of constraints and relationships in nature from points of view of the physical and life sciences and investigation of how people make decisions to utilize the environment as a resource from the viewpoint of the social sciences. Attempts to link natural and social sciences for awareness of multifaceted nature of environmental problems.

The course will introduce first semester life science majors to the main themes used to study biology. Three main themes that extend throughout the curriculum include a detailed investigation of the scientific method, evolutionary theory, the concepts of ecology and the diversity of life.

Introductory Ecology and Evolution Laboratory is designed to complement the Introductory Ecology and Evolution lecture course. The lab exercises are designed to expose students to the main themes that are discussed in the lecture portion of the course: the scientific method, ecology, evolution and the diversity of life.

The course will provide an introduction to cell and molecular biology. The material in this course should complement the topics covered in BIOL 131. The course is also designed to prepare students for Genetics, Biochemistry, and other upper-level biology courses. Students are expected to learn the basic concepts of cellular chemistry, types of cells, cell division, and the central dogma of molecular biology.

This course provides students with an introduction into the ways that scientists study questions in cell and molecular biology. This laboratory is designed to complement BIOL 133 and it is recommended that students take the lecture course.

This course will cover the principles of biological science involving the interactions between macro- and micronutrients and human physiological processes. A special emphasis will be placed on how nutrition can have an impact on human health and disease. Topics discussed will come from the disciplines of biochemistry, human physiology, medicine and exercise physiology.

The principles of genetic analysis and the nature of the gene. The course will cover Mendelian and molecular genetics. Key concepts covered will include the chromosomal and molecular basis of inheritance and replication, mutation and expression of genetic information.

Exercises will focus on the analysis of the inheritance of genes. DNA isolation and manipulation experiments will be performed. Students will perform experiments in classical and molecular genetics.

The goal of the course is to develop an expanded knowledge of organismal biology. Coverage will include evolution, population genetics, and taxonomy. The course will also take a comparative approach examining anatomical and physiological adaptations of organisms in Domain Eukarya.

The laboratory course provides expanded knowledge of hypothesis testing, evolution, taxonomy, and phylogeny construction. The course will also take a comparative approach examining anatomical and physiological adaptations of organisms in Domain Eukarya.

The first course in a two-course sequence. Examines the structural and functional characteristics of the human body. From discussions of concepts of physiological control and levels of organization, this course concentrates on the components of the musculoskeletal system, the integument and an extensive description and analysis of neural and endocrine systems of control. Lab exercises support lecture topics, and involve hands-on activities including dissection and physiological measurement. This course is required for medical technology majors and exercise science majors and is an appropriate course for students planning careers in postgraduate allied health careers (e.g. pharmacy, physician's assistant, physical therapy).

The second course in a two-course sequence, the first being BIOL 245 Human Anatomy & Physiology I. Concentrates on discussions of the structural and functional characteristics of the major organ systems of the body, including cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive. Emphasis on the integrative nature of these systems to the maintenance of physiological function. Lab exercises support lecture topics, and involve hands-on activities including dissection and physiological measurement.

Examination of selected areas of general biology for interested lower division major or non-major. Emphasis on developing basic background in such areas as botany, zoology, and the relationships between these fields and human society. Examples of courses offered include Field Natural History and Fungal Pathogens. Course may not be used as Biology major elective. Topics are determined by student interests.

Examination of selected areas of general biology for interested lower division major or non-major. Emphasis on developing basic background in such areas as botany, zoology, and the relationships between these fields and human society. Examples of courses offered include Field Natural History and Fungal Pathogens. Course may not be used as Biology major elective. Topics are determined by student interests.

A course designed to acquaint sophomores with various career opportunities available in medical technology. Educational requirements and professional responsibilities are also discussed. Small group discussions of clinical literature, and a tour of a hospital lab are featured.

The course is designed to assist students in learning the requirements for admission into health professional schools. We will review the admissions requirements for medical, dental, optometry and veterinary medical colleges and discuss how students can best develop a competitive admissions application. We will also discuss the history of the different health professions.

Introduction to ecology emphasizing general principles at individual, population, and community levels. Examples of various approaches (observation and experimentation, field and laboratory studies, and modeling and computer simulations) are considered.

Laboratories designed to give a diversity of experience, building upon principles of individual, population, and community ecology. A quantitative approach to the study of ecology is emphasized. Labs include plant and animal studies and field and laboratory experiments, as well as long- and short-term studies.

The structure and function of proteins and the regulation of metabolic pathways will be the central concepts presented in the course. Students should gain an understanding of the fundamental principles of the biology of protein molecules.

Introduction to laboratory practice using biochemical techniques to isolate and characterize proteins. Enzyme kinetics and bioinformatics are also covered.

An integrative approach to systems physiology. After an initial discussion on mechanisms of cellular regulation of homeostasis, individual physiological systems, e.g. respiratory, cardiovascular, are examined. Organ and system action are related to demonstrate integration of function within the body. Major emphasis will be on normal human functions.

A laboratory course designed to complement BIOL 336 Mammalian Physiology. Laboratory exercises examine, through experimentation, the integrative functions of organs and systems within the body. Labs include excitable cell physiology, cardiovascular, excretory and exercise physiology. Wherever possible, human models are utilized.

Microbiology is the study of microorganisms: bacteria, archaea, viruses, and eukaryotes. We will study the diversity, ecology, biochemistry, genetics, pathogenicity, and other areas of microorganisms. The laboratory will include basic techniques for the isolation and identification of bacteria based on their metabolic, physical and genetic properties.

A survey of the more important protozoan and helminth parasites of humans. Special emphasis is given to epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of common parasitic diseases.

Bioethics is a multidisciplinary study that examines the ethical treatment of patients in a medical environment. The field of bioethics emerged in the 1960s and is an important facet of both biology and philosophy. The field of bioethics developed in an environment of mutual discussion between people of faith and more secular philosophers. Technological advancements such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), genetic engineering, and stem cell research have opened the door to many healthy debates about technological capabilities and the development of the embryo. To make informed judgments and participate effectively in debating these issues each person should understand the science behind the ethical debates Advances in biology and medicine mean that there are important personal issues that arise concerning questions about the start and end of life. The course is not about deciding what is right or wrong, but to stimulate a significant discussion about issues such as: Should we encourage/regulate IVF? Should we allow individuals to choose the sex of their child before it is implanted? Should we test and alter genes of an embryo? When does human life begin? Should we be allowed to genetically engineer embryos to provide the characteristics we desire (eye color, intelligence, etc)? Is therapeutic cloning acceptable and reproductive cloning off limits?

This course is designed as an introduction to modern cell biology. Cell biology is the meeting point of biochemistry, genetics, cytology and physiology and is vital to anyone with an interest in molecular biology. A cell biologist must not only be able to examine structures within a cell, but must understand the underlying molecular processes that govern the formation and regulation of those structures, as well as the interaction of those structures with each other and the environment both inside and outside the cell.

This laboratory course is designed to familiarize students with some of the techniques used in cell biology research. Much of the emphasis will be on the use of fluorescence microscopy, but will take advantage of many tools that have been developed for use on the fluorescent microscope. We will also use biochemical techniques to examine proteins and cellular contents. During the semester, students will learn to identify particular functions and processes within the eukaryotic cell.

Current biochemical research papers are analyzed in a journal club (open discussion) format. This course will help students to develop critical reading skills and underscore how an array of biochemical techniques are applied to address a research problem. Faculty from both biology and chemistry participate in this seminar.

The course covers social behavior from the perspective of evolutionary theory. Topics include sex, aggression, altruism, parent-offspring conflict, and the origin of cooperative societies.

How animals maintain homeostasis in a non-homeostatic world. After a general introduction to mechanisms of cellular regulation and energetics the class will discuss specific physiological systems (respiratory, cardiovascular, osmoregulatory, etc.) and compare the modes and strategies employed by different animal groups in responding to changes in external environment. Particular attention directed to adaptations to marginal habitats, e.g. marine intertidal, deep sea hydrothermal vents, hot desert.

Reading and discussion of primary literature relating to population and community ecology. Topics include population growth, life history patterns, competition, plant-animal interactions, and community organization.

An examination of species diversity with an emphasis on human activities which affect these patterns. Major topics will include the effects of land use practices, habitat fragmentation, invasive species and pollution on the current distribution and extinction patterns of plants and animals.

Reading and discussion of primary literature relating to animal interactions with the environment. Examination of potential effects of specific habitats (e.g. deserts, deep sea) and the physiological responses of various animals to these environmental challenges.

Classification and biology of major groups of organisms that inhabit freshwater environments, characteristics of aquatic habitats, pollution of aquatic environments, and the role of physical and chemical factors in aquatic ecosystems.

The focus of the course is on global environmental issues. The issues examined have been making the news during the last year and at the time the course is taught. Changes in climate, overpopulation, pollution, conservation, development, genetically modified organisms, invasive species, illegal species trade, etc. are some of the ongoing issues that are covered in the course. The format of the course invites participation, discussion and critical thinking.

The course is an overview of ichthyology, fisheries biology, and fisheries conservation. Students will be introduced to the taxonomic diversity of fish, fish adaptations, techniques and models used in the study of fish populations, community interactions, and issues concerning fisheries conservation and management. Special emphasis will be placed on understanding Great Lakes fisheries.

A field-oriented course with emphasis on developing and testing scientific hypotheses. Activities include identification of local flora and fauna, using a wide variety of field techniques, statistical analysis, and writing scientific reports. Some Saturday field trips required.

Reading, discussion, and analysis of current topics of biological significance using original source material from primary biological periodicals. Students prepare and present a seminar based on an extensive review of the available literature.

The course will provide background to the discipline of animal behavior and examine the levels of questioning in this field. It will discuss the influence of genetics and the environment on behavior (nature vs. nurture). It will then magnify our focus to the roots of behavior, the proximate causes of behavior, specifically its neural and hormonal control. It will examine the cases of bird song, electric fish EODs, shark electroreception, moth hearing and bat echolocation. It will then focus on those behaviors that make up the many tasks animals must accomplish to survive and reproduce.

A study of animal development integrating descriptive, experimental, cellular, and molecular studies of gametogenesis, fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, induction, and maturation. Labs examine development from an historical perspective including: descriptive, experimental and molecular embryology incorporating hypothesis testing through the use of micromanipulation, cell culture and immunohistochemistry. Two lectures, one laboratory.

Molecular genetics is a broad term that describes a collection of techniques that biologists use to study and manipulate the physiology, biochemistry, and genetics of a cell at a molecular level. This course is designed to help students build their molecular ƒ??toolkitƒ? and teach them how to bring the concepts learned in lecture courses to bear on a research project.

The course will cover material on traditional drugs used in medicine and discuss the transition to new drugs that have been designed to interact with a specific target. An emphasis will be on understanding the molecular details of drug-target interactions and the mechanism of actions of pharmaceutical drugs. Students will discuss ethical issues relating to medicine and pharmaceuticals. Students will read primary literature and review articles as the primary sources of information in the course.

Independent study and research of mutual interest with faculty member in such areas as morphology, physiology, evolution, development, population dynamics, genetics, biochemistry, cell and subcellular biology, microbiology, ecology, behavior and conservation. Course may be repeated; maximum of 12 credits count toward the B.S. degree, only 3 of which may be included in a Biology major. Note: Students may earn Biology elective credit for only one of BIOL 440/1 or 458. Permission of department required.

Independent study and research of mutual interest with faculty member in such areas as morphology, physiology, evolution, development, population dynamics, genetics, biochemistry, cell and subcellular biology, microbiology, ecology, behavior and conservation. Course may be repeated; maximum of 12 credits count toward the B.S. degree, only 3 of which may be included in a Biology major. Note: Students may earn Biology elective credit for only one of BIOL 440/1 or 458. Permission of department required.

Study of the life processes and responses of plants, including water relations and transport, photosynthesis and general metabolism, mineral and organic nutrition, photoperiodic responses and rhythms, growth and differentiation, and plant relationships with the environment.

Consideration of the theoretical framework of evolutionary biology and the mechanisms of evolution. Special topics include microevolution, macroevolution, and coevolution.

An in-depth examination of selected areas of biology for interested upper-division students. Topics are determined by faculty and student interests and emphasize methods and recent research developments. Examples of topics currently offered on a rotating basis include: Biomembranes, Hormone Mechanisms, Molecular Biology, Cell/Hybridoma Culture, and Biology of Terrestrial Vertebrates.

An in-depth examination of selected areas of biology for interested upper-division students Topics are determined by faculty and student interests and emphasize methods and recent research developments. Examples of topics currently offered on a rotating basis include: Biomembranes, Hormone Mechanisms, Molecular Biology, Cell/Hybridoma Culture, and Biology of Terrestrial Vertebrates.

Introduction to the study of blood, its cellular components, and various blood diseases. Laboratory exercises include a variety of manual techniques involved with blood cell counts and determinations.

A review of statistical tests frequently used in the biological sciences. Emphasis is placed on understanding experimental design and what statistics can and cannot do. Uses of computer statistical packages are also considered.

A supervisory experience in teaching of the biology department's laboratories under the guidance of a faculty member. Student experiences may include; preparing materials for the lab, and demonstrating procedures and techniques to students. Note: Students may earn Biology elective credit for only one of BIOL 440/1 or 458. Permission of department required.

Study of the mechanisms of the immune response including cellular basis of immunity and molecular basis of antigen-antibody reactions. Regulation of antibody production and cell-mediated reactivity examined. Current clinical applicability considered in discussion of tumor, transplantation, allergy-related, and autoimmune immunobiology. Several laboratory exercises included involving serological/immunological determinations detecting antigen-antibody interactions. Three lectures.

State-of-the-art biochemical and molecular techniques are taught within this hands-on, laboratory-based course. Potential topics include the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), oligonucleotide synthesis, DNA/protein sequencing and analysis (BLAST, DNASIS), pulse-field gel electrophoresis, gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, high performance liquid chronatography (HPLC), immunochemistry, and/or other contemporary techniques.

Course focuses on recent developments in the rapidly expanding field of developmental biology. With the advent of the tools available to molecular biologists, the course will study recent advances in the genetic understanding of various aspects of embryological development and regeneration. The course will present a variety of topics including: fertilization, gastrulation, maternal effect genes, pattern formation, and evolutionary aspects of development. Junior standing in major required.

In-depth examination of the ways in which eukaryotic cells regulate their protein composition at the levels of genome replication, transcription, post-transcriptional modifications, and translations. Topics include chromatin structure, transcription factors, and DNA sequence elements, several cell-type specific transcriptional events and how they are regulated, as well as how transcriptional regulation gone awry can cause cancer.

The course will provide a background for the field of animal communication including a discussion of definitions of animal communication. It will then survey the production, transmission and reception of auditory, visual, and chemical signals. Optimality theory and signal detection theory will be introduced as they apply to animal communication. It will spend some time on how signals come to be and why they have the design they do (signal evolution). Finally, it will investigate signaling in a variety of situations such as between potential mates, other conspecifics, as well as environmental and autocommunication signaling.

A continuation of BIOL 333, the course explores biochemical concepts and pathways with an emphasis on problem solving. Cellular control and coordination of biochemical pathways is emphasized in light of an advanced understanding of protein biochemistry. Lecture only.

The course will cover topics relating to the genetic and biochemical etiology of human disease. Through examination of the primary literature, students will become familiar with the techniques used to study and treat diseases at the molecular level. Specific topics covered include inborn errors in metabolism, cholesterol homeostasis, protein folding diseases, cancer, gene therapy, and stem cell therapy. Students will formulate an independent research proposal based on examination of current literature on a disease of their choosing.

Approved biology-related experiences in academia, government, industry or other foundations. Requires the permission of the department and faculty sponsor.

BIOL 491-Senior Capstone Each Biology major will perform a capstone experience in their senior year. The experience can take the form of research, an internship or course, and will provide significant learning experiences in problem solving and written and oral communication. Capstone Research: The student will fulfill expectations for capstone research via two semesters of UGR (3 credits/semester) during the senior year, or a 10 week summer research position during the summer before the senior year. The faculty mentor will bear responsibility for the evaluation of the learning and inquiry experience. A formal paper will be expected. Oral presentation will occur during a capstone UGR/internship symposium. Note: Students opting for a capstone experience that does not involve significant laboratory or field work will be required to take at least one lab or field course as part of their 12 hours of upper level Biology electives.

BIOL 492-Senior Capstone Each Biology major will perform a capstone experience in their senior year. The experience can take the form of research, an internship or course, and will provide significant learning experiences in problem solving and written and oral communication. Capstone Internship: The student will fulfill expectations for capstone internship via a 3 credit internship experience (120 hours). Acceptable experiences include job apprenticeships (not unlike the clinical internships of MT students) involving very active learning. Research projects performed off-campus (not including REUs) are also acceptable as capstone internship experiences. A site supervisor will provide evaluations to the faculty mentor; the faculty mentor will bear responsibility for the final evaluation of the learning experience. A formal paper will be expected. Oral presentation will occur during a capstone UGR/internship symposia. Note: Students opting for a capstone experience that does not involve significant laboratory or field work will be required to take at least one lab or field course as part of their 12 hours of upper level Biology electives.

BIOL 493-Senior Capstone Each Biology major will perform a capstone experience in their senior year. The experience can take the form of research, an internship or course, and will provide significant learning experiences in problem solving and written and oral communication. Capstone Course: We will offer capstone 'sections' of UL courses on a rotating basis. Some of these courses will be modifications of currently existing courses; other will be new courses. Examples may include Molecular Biology of Disease, Cancer Biology, and Evolution. Courses will be designed to include significant inquiry based learning, problem solving, and written and oral presentationƒ?? enrollment will be limited and carefully controlled. Students will write a formal paper and offer a formal presentation. Note: Students opting for a capstone experience that does not involve significant laboratory or field work will be required to take at least one lab or field course as part of their 12 hours of upper level Biology electives.

Students prepare oral presentations based on an assessment of current biochemical research papers. The course will help students to further develop critical reading and scientific communication skills. Faculty from both biology and chemistry participate in the seminar.

In Independent Study, students will perform literature reviews and learn how to design experiments and collect and analyze data. Student expectations will vary based upon the biological discipline and the number of credits. Junior/Senior standing in the major.

Advanced discussion of biological chemistry; chemistry of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins, and nucleic acids; bioenergetics; the structure and mechanism of enzyme action; protein biosynthesis; molecular genetics; selected topics in immunochemistry, and biochemical endocrinology.

Theory and laboratory experiments demonstrating the techniques and applications of contemporary biochemistry including electrophoresis, chromatography, centrifugation, radioisotope methods, DNA sequencing, enzymology, spectrophotometry and gas chromatography.

This course is required for all M.S. students in the Department of Biology and aims to prepare students with the essentials of doing science, from formulating questions through data analysis and interpretation. We will address the nature of scientific reasoning, principles of research design, elements of scientific data, statistical analyses, and effective presentation of results.

The course covers social behavior from the perspective of evolutionary theory. Topics include sex, aggression, altruism, parent-offspring conflict, and the origin of cooperative societies. Graduate students will write a research intensive review article, using primary literature. Papers should provide a thorough review of a specific sociobiological hypothesis applied to limited taxa. I expect you to cover all up-to-date primary sources that pertain to your topic. The paper should be about 10 pages long. Topics must be approved by the instructor. Graduate students will present their term papers to the class during the final two class periods. Presentations should use PowerPoint and last 15 minutes plus 3-5 minutes for questions.

How animals maintain homeostasis in a non-homeostatic world. After a general introduction to mechanisms of cellular regulation and energetics, discussion will include specific physiological systems (respiratory, cardiovascular, osmoregulatory, etc.) and compare the modes and strategies employed by different animal groups in responding to changes in external environment. Particular attention directed to adaptations to marginal habitats, e.g. marine intertidal, deep sea hydrothermal vents, hot desert.

Reading and discussion of primary literature relating to population and community ecology. Topics include population growth life history patterns, competition, plant-animal interactions, and community organization.

This course is required for all M.S. students in the Department of Biology and aims to prepare graduate students for the various kinds of science communication that they will be engaged in. This includes preparation and submission of scientific manuscripts for publication, review of manuscripts, preparation of grant proposals, and communicating with the public.

Reading and discussion of primary literature relating to physiological and ecosystem ecology. Topics include resource acquisition, energetics, nutrient cycling, and energy flow.

The course covers the classification and biology of major groups of organisms found in fresh water, characteristics of aquatic habitats, pollution of aquatic environments, and the role of physical and chemical factors in aquatic ecosystems.

The focus of the course is on global environmental issues. The issues examined have been making the news during the last year and at the time the course is taught. Changes in climate, overpopulation, pollution, conservation, development, genetically modified organisms, invasive species, illegal species trade, etc. are some of the ongoing issues that are covered in the course. The format of the course invites participation, discussion and critical thinking.

The course is an overview of ichthyology, fisheries biology, and fisheries conservation. Students will be introduced to the taxonomic diversity of fish, fish adaptations, techniques and models used in the study of fish populations, community interactions, and issues concerning fisheries conservation and management. Special emphasis will be placed on understanding the Great Lakes fisheries.

The course will first provide background to the discipline of animal behavior and examine the levels of questioning in this field. The class will discuss the influence of genetics and the environment on behavior (nature vs. nurture). It will magnify its focus to the roots of behavior, the proximate causes of behavior, specifically its neural and hormonal control. The class will examine the cases of bird song, electric fish EODs, shark electroreception, moth hearing and bat echolocation, and then focus on those behaviors that make up the many tasks animals must accomplish to survive and reproduce.

The course will cover material on traditional drugs used in medicine and discuss the transition to new drugs that have been designed to interact with a specific target. An emphasis will be on understanding the molecular details of drug-target interactions and the mechanism of actions of pharmaceutical drugs. Students will discuss ethical issues relating to medicine and pharmaceuticals. Students will read primary literature and review articles as the primary sources of information in the course.

Study of the life processes and responses of plants, including water relations and transport, photosynthesis and general metabolism, mineral and organic nutrition, photoperiodic responses and rhythms, growth and differentiation, and plant relationships with the environment. Laboratory includes problems and exercises in whole plant physiology as well as at the molecular level. The laboratory stresses methods rather than results. Two lectures, one laboratory.

Consideration of the theoretical framework of evolutionary biology and the mechanisms of evolution. Special topics include microevolution, macroevolution and coevolution.

An in-depth examination of selected areas of biology for interested upper-division students. Topics are determined by faculty and student interests and emphasize methods and recent research developments. Examples of topics currently offered on a rotating basis include: Biomembranes, Molecular Genetics, Cell and Hybridoma Culture, Enzymes, Ethology, Hormone Mechanisms, Bioenergetics, Microbial Genetics, Field Biology, and Advanced Developmental Biology, PCR, DNA Synthesis and Immunology.

An in-depth examination of selected areas of biology for interested upper-division students Topics are determined by faculty and student interests and emphasize methods and recent research developments. Examples of topics currently offered on a rotating basis include: Biomembranes, Molecular Genetics, Cell and Hybridoma Culture, Enzymes, Ethology, Hormone Mechanisms, Bioenergetics, Microbial Genetics, Field Biology, and Advanced Developmental Biology, PCR, DNA Synthesis and Immunology.

Statistical tests frequently used in the biological sciences. Emphasis is placed on understanding what statistics can and cannot do, the meaning of a statistical test, and how to choose an appropriate statistical test. Uses of micro-computer and mainframe statistical packages (SPSS or MINITAB) are also considered.

Consideration of taxonomy, ecology, and physiology of mammals; world fauna examined although emphasis on local species. Field population studies, collection and preservation of specimens, and studies in physiological adaptations of mammals.

Course focuses on recent developments in the rapidly expanding field of developmental biology. With the advent of the tools available to molecular biologists, the course will study recent advances in the genetic understanding of various aspects of embryological development and regeneration. The course will present a variety of topics including: fertilization, gastrulation, maternal effect genes, pattern formation, and evolutionary aspects of development.

In-depth examination of the ways in which eukaryotic cells regulate their protein composition at the levels of genome replication, transcription, post-transcriptional modifications, and translation. Topics include chromatin structure, transcription factors, and DNA sequence elements, several cell-type specific transcriptional events and how they are regulated, as well as how transcriptional regulation gone awry can cause cancer.

The course will first provide a background for the field of animal communication including a discussion of definitions of animal communication. The class will then survey the production, transmission and reception of auditory, visual, and chemical signals. Optimality theory and signal detection theory will be introduced as they apply to animal communication. The class will spend some time on how signals come to be and why they have the design they do (signal evolution), and will investigate signaling in a variety of situations such as between potential mates, other conspecifics, and autocommunication signaling.

The course will cover topics relating to the genetic and biochemical etiology of human disease. Through examination of the primary literature, students will become familiar with the techniques used to study and treat diseases at the molecular level. Specific topics covered include inborn errors in metabolism, cholesterol homeostasis, protein folding diseases, cancer, gene therapy, and stem cell therapy. Students will formulate an independent research proposal based on examination of current literature on a disease of their choosing.

Presentation of detailed study of topic of current interest in the biological literature. Attendance and one seminar presentation required for three semesters of all candidates for the master's degree. Students completing thesis research must present their results orally prior to their scheduled thesis defense.

Presentation of detailed study of topic of current interest in the biological literature. Attendance and one seminar presentation required for three semester of all candidates for the master's degree. Students completing thesis research must present their results orally prior to their scheduled thesis defense.

Integrated study of regulation at various levels within the cell. Molecular control of cellular activity and its interconnection with biochemistry including regulation of enzyme activity, nucleic acid and protein biosynthesis, metabolic control by hormones, and membrane regulatory functions.

Treatment of reproductive mechanisms in higher vertebrates; particular attention to mammals. Topics include biology of sex, structure-function relationship in male and female reproductive systems, gametogenesis, gonadal steroids, nongonadal endocrine control mechanisms, cyclic reproductive phenomena, insemination and fertilization, viparity, pregnancy, parturition and lactation, fertility and sterility, and effects of environment and nutrition on reproductive processes.

Comprehensive reviews of current state of biological investigation for advanced graduate students. Analysis of frontiers of scientific advancement in molecular biology, quantitative ecology, and physiology.

Research conducted by a graduate student in the Comprehensive Exam option of our MS programs under the supervision of a member of the Biology Department faculty

Directed research culminating in the preparation of a thesis.

Directed research culminating in the preparation of a thesis.

Graduate students are required to remain continuously enrolled until completion of thesis/capstone work in order to allow continuing usage of university resources and to accurately account for faculty involvement.

Primarily intended for thesis graduate students wishing to perform a thorough and directed literature review in support of their graduate research. Graduate students will develop the independent study activities with the assistance and approval of their research professor; formal assessment mechanisms to be determined by the professor. May be appropriate for non-thesis graduate students wishing to perform a thorough and directed literature review under the supervision of a professor, leading to the development of a formal paper.

A course taken during a study abroad experience that does not have a direct equivalency to a Fredonia course.